Julia Weber’s book demonstrates how Aristotle’s understanding of virtual forces as undetectable but nonetheless effective has shaped philosophical discourse up until the modern age. It traces developments from philosophical debate about the existence of virtual forces in antiquity and the Middle Ages to the emergence of virtual spaces in the early modern period, and the appearance of virtual worlds in 18^th-century literature. In this way, it reveals the seldom traced continuities and shifts between ancient philosophical discussion of forces and contemporary virtual realities.

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Julia Weber is Professor of General and Comparative Literature at the Peter Szondi Institute of Freie Universität Berlin. From 2012-2020, she directed the Emmy Noether Junior Research Group "Building Forms of Imagination. Literature and Architecture in Modernity".