The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne may have been the last of the post-World War One peace settlements, but it was very different from Versailles. Like its German and Austro-Hungarian allies, the defeated Ottoman Empire had initially been presented with a dictated peace in 1920. In just two years, however, the Kemalist insurgency turned defeat into victory, enabling Turkey to claim its place as the first sovereign state in the Middle East. Meanwhile those communities who had lived side-by-side with Turks inside the Ottoman Empire struggled to assert their own sovereignty, jostled between the Soviet Union and the resurgence of empire in the guise of League of Nations mandates. For 1.5m Ottoman Greeks and Balkan Muslims, ‘making peace’ involved forced
population exchanges, a peace-making tool now understood as ethnic cleansing. Chapters consider competing visions for a postOttoman world, situate the population exchanges relative to other peace-making efforts, and discuss economic factors behind the reallocation of Ottoman debt as well as refugee flows and oil politics. Further chapters consider Arab, Armenian, American and Iranian perspectives, as well as the long shadow cast by Lausanne over contemporary politics, both inside Turkey and out.

‘They All Made Peace—What is Peace? is a welcome addition to the literature on the 1923 Lausanne Treaty and the impact of the decisions made there that continue to resonate in present-day international politics. Long overdue, the volume represents a primer on a neglected and under-represented moment of post-imperial Ottoman history.’ Virginia H. Aksan Professor of History Emeritus, McMaster University; 'Of all the international treaties signed after World War I, only Lausanne remains intact: the founding document of the Turkish Republic. Yet the Lausanne peace process has not attracted the interest it deserves. In the absence of well-grounded research, journalists and Islamist demagogues alike have come up with their own myths, myths that continue to circulate today. Here at last, a century on, we have the definitive work: of interest not only to diplomats, political scientists and historians, but the educated public in general.' Ayhan Aktar former Professor of Sociology, Istanbul Bilgi University: ‘An important book offering new perspectives on the Lausanne Treaty of 1923. Gone is the positive interpretation of Lausanne as the most ‘successful’ of the treaties ending hostilities in the Great War; in its place is a multilayered account of exploitation, exclusion, and betrayal of the promise of recovery and development in a region ravaged by war, famine, and genocide.These essays offer a new and important interpretation not only of Middle Eastern history but of international history in the 1920s.’Jay Winter Professor of History Emeritus, Yale University

Jonathan Conlin is a senior lecturer at the University of Southampton and cofounder of the Lausanne Project, a forum for scholarship on interwar relations between the Middle East and the wider world. His books include Mr. Five Per Cent and Tales of Two Cities. Ozan Ozavci is assistant professor of transimperial history at Utrecht University and, with Jonathan Conlin, cofounder of the Lausanne Project. He is the author of Dangerous Gifts and Intellectual Origins of the Republic. Contributors: Aimee Genell is Assistant Professor of Middle Eastern History, University of West Georgia, Erik Goldstein is Professor of International Relations and Professor of History, Boston University; Samuel Hirst is Assistant Professor of International Relations, Bilkent University; Etienne Peyrat is Assistant Professor of History, Sciences Po Lille & University of Lille; Cemil Aydin is Professor of History at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Lerna Ekmekcioglu is McMillan-Stewart Associate Professor of History, MIT; Leila Koochakzadeh is Lecturer at the Institut Nationale des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INaLCO), Paris; Elizabeth F. Thompson is Professor of History and Mohamed S. Farsi Chair of Islamic Peace at the American University in Washington, DC; Andrew Patrick is Associate Professor of History, Tennessee State University; Sarah Shields is Professor and Director of Graduate Studies, Department of History, University of North Carolina; Mustafa Aksakal is Nesuhi Erteguen Chair of Modern Turkish Studies & Associate Professor of History, Georgetown University; Patrick Schilling is a PhD candidate in history at Georgetown University; Leonard V. Smith is Frederick B. Artz Professor of History, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio (USA); Laura Robson is Oliver-McCourtney Professor of History, Penn State University; Haakon Ikonomou is Associate Professor at the Saxo Institute, University of Copenhagen; Dimitris Kamouzis is Researcher at the Centre for Asia Minor Studies in Athens, Greece; Hans-Lukas Kieser is Associate Professor of History at the Centre for the Study of Violence, University of Newcastle, Australia; Goekhan Cetinsaya retired from the Istanbul Sehir University; Julia Secklehner is a Research Fellow for the CRAACE Project at the Department of Art History, Masaryk University (Brno, Czechia).