In 1958 the United States launched its first satellite and created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to oversee its new space program. By 1961 NASA was confident enough to put a human being into space. But how had it acquired enough medical knowledge to ensure an astronaut’s safety in just three years? It hadn’t. The credit goes instead to decades of military medical research.

Witnessing the first German missile attack on London in 1944, U.S. Army flight surgeon Harry Armstrong had been immediately concerned that aeronautical engineers would transform the A-4 (V-2) into a vehicle for transporting soldiers. He vowed, as founder (in 1934) of the military’s only aviation human-factors research lab, to make such trips survivable. Efforts at Wright Field and the army’s School of Aviation Medicine, which Armstrong had also turned into a world-class research institution, were the real reason for the successful start to America’s manned space program.

In Testing the Limits, Maura Phillips Mackowski describes the crucial foundational contributions of military flight surgeons who routinely risked their lives in test aircraft, research balloons, pressure chambers, rocket-propelled sleds, or parachute harnesses. Drawing on rare primary sources and interviews, she also reveals the little-known but vital contributions of German emigré scientists whose expertise in areas unknown to Americans created a hybrid specialty: space medicine. She reveals new details on human aeromedical experimentation at Dachau, Washington’s decision to limit astronaut status to males, and the choice to freeze the air force out of the research specialty it had created and brought to fruition.

. . . a brilliant piece of scholarship . . . Mackowski's book belongs in every space historian's library. Seldom does one find in scholarly literature a book as easy and enjoyable to read as Testing the Limits." - Air Power History

"Maura Phillips Mackowski has filled a critically important gap in the literature of American aerospace history. . . . The author provides a compelling narrative overview of the development of aviation medicine in the United States. . . . Testing the Limits is an important and engrossing story, well told in very lively prose. Specialists and general readers alike will find it difficult to put down." - The Journal of American History

"...demonstrates outstanding scholarship in the exploration of the history of American military aviation medicine." - Space Times

Maura Phillips Mackowski, who holds a Ph.D. in history, is a research historian currently residing in Gilbert, Arizona.