An international and interdisciplinary perspective on the adoption and governance of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in defence and military innovation by major and middle powers.

Advancements in AI and ML pose pressing questions related to evolving conceptions of military power, compliance with international humanitarian law, peace promotion, strategic stability, arms control, future operational environments, and technology races. To navigate the breadth of this AI and international security agenda, the contributors to this book include experts on AI, technology governance, and defence innovation to assess military AI strategic perspectives from major and middle AI powers alike. These include views of how the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, the European Union, and Russia see AI/ML as a technology with the potential to reshape military affairs and power structures in the broader international system. This diverse set of views aims to help elucidate key similarities and differences between AI powers in the evolving strategic context.

A valuable read for scholars of security studies, public policy, and STS studies with an interest in the impacts of AI and ML technologies.

"This is a must-read volume for anybody interested in understanding both the general implications of AI in the world of defence and more specific issues, including a set of in-depth country-studies illustrating what exactly different countries are doing and trying to achieve."

Andrea Gilli, Senior Researcher, NATO Defence College

"This book is going to become the most important roadmap on how AI is likely to shape and influence the strategically consequential militaries of the world. No one can predict how AI is going to re-engineer wars and conflicts, but the authors offer a unique peek around the corner. And Raska and Bitzinger as co-editors remain ahead of the curve."

Dr. Chung Min Lee, Senior Fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, University Professor, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), and Chairman of the International Advisory Council, IISS

"This book provides important perspectives on different national approaches to the development of artificial intelligence that offer critical insights for current debates on the military and strategic impacts of AI."

Elsa Kania, Adjunct Senior Fellow, Technology and National Security Program, Center for a New American Security

Michael Raska is Assistant Professor and Coordinator of the Military Transformations Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Richard A. Bitzinger is a Visiting Senior Fellow with the Military Transformations Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.