Public–Private Partnerships (PPP or 3Ps) allow the public sector to seek alternative funding and expertise from the private sector during procurement processes. Such partnerships, if executed with due diligence, often benefit the public immensely. Unfortunately, Public–Private Partnerships can be vulnerable to corruption. This book looks at what measures we can put in place to check corruption during procurement and what good governance strategies the public sector can adopt to improve the performance of 3Ps.

The book applies mathematical models to analyze 3Ps. It uses game theory to study the interaction and dynamics between the stakeholders and suggests strategies to reduce corruption risks in various 3Ps stages. The authors explain through game theory-based simulation how governments can adopt a evaluating process at the start of each procurement to weed out undesirable private partners and why the government should take a more proactive approach.

Using a methodological framework rooted in mathematical models to illustrate how we can combat institutional corruption, this book is a helpful reference for anyone interested in public policymaking and public infrastructure management.

Mohammad Heydari is an Iranian writer and researcher. Currently, he is a candidate for the ‘National Young Talent Program,’ and he works as the youngest associate professor at Southwest University in Chongqing, China.

Kin Keung Lai is currently a Professor at International Business School, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.

Zhou Xiaohu is currently a professor at the School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology.