During the Cold War Italy witnessed the existence of an anomalous version of a civil conflict, defined as a 'creeping' or a 'low-intensity' civil war. Political violence escalated, including bomb attacks against civilians, starting with a massacre in Milan, on 12 December 1969, and culminating with the massacre in Bologna, on 2 August 1980. Making use of the literature on national reconciliation and narrative psychology theory, this book examines the fight over the 'judicial' and the 'historical' truth in Italy today, through a contrasting analysis of judicial findings and the 'narratives of victimhood' prevalent among representatives of both the post- and the neo-fascist right.

“Anna Cento Bull’s scrupulously researched book casts a revealing laser beam of scholarly light (especially for monolingual Anglophone scholars concerned with modern extremism or Italian politics) on a permutation of right-wing extremism intent on remaining much more faithful to the original revolutionary matrix.” • Patterns of Prejudice

“…a solid contribution to studying postwar European politics, examining the problems and failures of reconciliation as well as providing an insightful look at the neofascist’s Strategy of Tension.” • Terrorism and Political Violence

“The conclusion [that national reconciliation remains a distant target] leaves a bitter taste for the Italian reader, but it is the logical outcome of a rigorous and well documented analysis that has offered new insight into the troublesome question of Italian national identity.” • South European Society and Politics

Anna Cento Bull is Professor of Italian History and Politics at the University of Bath. Her publications include Social Identities and Political Cultures in Italy (Oxford: Berghahn, 2000); The Lega Nord and The Northern Question in Italian Politics (London: Palgrave, 2001) (with M. Gilbert) and Speaking Out and Silencing: Culture, Society and Politics in Italy in the 1970s. (Legenda: Oxford, 2005) (edited jointly with A. Giorgio).